HTML ENCYLOPEDIA

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Head elements

<title>…</title>

Define a document title. This element is required in every HTML and XHTML document. Different user agents may make use of the title in different ways. Web browsers usually display it in the title bar when the window is open, and in the task bar when it is minimized. It may become the default filename when saving the page, Search engines' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title element. The title element must not contain any nested tags (in other words it cannot contain any other elements). Only one title element is permitted in a document.

<base/>

Specifies a base URL for all relative href and other links in the document. Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource. HTML permits only one base element for each document. The base element has attributes, but no contents.

<link/>

Specifies links to other documents, such as 'previous' and 'next' links, or alternate versions. An HTML head may contain any number of link elements. The link element has attributes, but no contents. A common use is to link to external stylesheets, using the form:

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="url" title="description of style" />

(deprecated)

Specifies a base font size, typeface and color of the document. Used together with font elements. Deprecated in favor of stylesheets.

<script>…</script>

Used to add JavaScript or other scripts to the document. The script code may be literally typed between the script tags and/or it may be in a separate resource whose URL is specified in script's optional src attribute.

<style>…</style>

Specifies a style for the document, usually:

<style type="text/css">…</style>

The CSS statements may be literally typed between the style tags and/or it may be in separate resources whose URLs are specified in @import directives such as:

<style> @import "url"; </style>.

<object>…</object>

Use for including generic objects within the head. Though rarely used as a head element, this could potentially be used to extract foreign data, relevant to the document, and associate this data with the current document.

<meta/>

Can be used to specify author, publication date, expiry date, page description, keywords and any other metadata not provided through the other head elements and attributes. Because of their generic nature, meta elements specify key-value pairs.

In one form, meta elements can specify HTTP headers which should be sent before the actual content when the HTML page is served from web server to client. For example:

<meta http-equiv="foo" content="bar" />

This example specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header called 'foo' that has a value 'bar'

In the general form, a meta element specifies name and associated content attributes describing aspects of the HTML page. To prevent possible ambiguity, a third optional scheme attribute may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value. For example

<meta name="foo" content="bar" scheme="DC" />

In this example, the meta element identifies itself as containing the 'foo' element, with a value of 'bar', from the DC or Dublin Core resource description framework.

Document elements

Root elements provide the containers enclosing all other HTML elements. Every HTML page has these elements. The surrounding tags may be omitted. However, some utilities may not recognize or correctly handle the document if this is done.

<html>…</html>

Delimit an HTML document (i.e. instead of an XML or another class document). The HTML element takes the attributes lang for the primary language for the document (such as en for English) and a profile for a URI specifying metadata for the document (rarely used). The only contents allowed in an HTML element is one head element and one body element. (See Frames, below, for an exception where body is not used.)

<head>…</head>

Delimit the header section of the document, which contains information about the page. The head element basically contains the metadata for the document. There are seven possible head elements including a meta element for extensible specification of metadata.

<body>…</body>

Delimit the body section of the document, which contains the displayed content of the page.

These root elements are arranged as follows:

<html>

<head>

Any of the various head related elements arranged in any order and occurring any number of times except base and title which can only occur once each. Title is the only required head element.

</head>

<body>

At least one of either a block element or a script element must occur,(though any number may occur), arranged in any order to suit the meaning and also typically the presentation of the document. The INS and Del elements are also permissible within the body element when used as block level elements. The other block elements are: paragraph (p), heading (h1...h6), block quotation (blockquote), ordered list (ol), unordered list (ul), definition list (dl), division (div), no script support (noscript), form (form), table (table), fieldset (fieldset), and address (address). No other HTML elements are valid within the body element.

</body>

</html>

Links and anchors

<a>…</a>

Creates an element that becomes a hyperlink with the href (hypertext reference) attribute set to a URL; additionally the attribute title may be set to a hover box text, some informative text about the link:

<a href="URL" title="additional information">link text</a>

In most graphical browsers, when the cursor hovers over the link, the cursor typically changes into a hand with a stretched index finger and the additional information pops up, not in a regular window, but in a special "hover box", usually similar to a Tooltip, which disappears when the cursor is moved away. Some browsers render alt text the same way, though this is technically incorrect.

Alternatively (and sometimes concurrently), the element becomes an anchor with the name attribute set, which preceded by a number sign '#', and appended to the URL, acts as a link target (a "document fragment"), typically causing a Web browser to scroll directly to that point of the page. Any element can be made into an anchor by using the id attribute, so using <a name="foo"> is not necessary.

Frames

An HTML document may contain a header and a body or a header and a frameset, but not both. For frames the Frames DTD must be used.

<frameset>…</frameset>

Delimit the frameset. The frames layout is given by comma separated lists in the rows and cols attributes.

<frame>…</frame>

Delimit a single frame, or region, within the frameset. A different document linked with the src attribute appears inside.

<noframes>…</noframes>

Contains a normal <body> element with child elements that will appear in web browsers that don't support frames.

<iframe>…</iframe>

An inline frame inside a normal HTML <body>, which embeds another HTML document. A similar effect can also be achieved using the object element. These approaches differ in some ways.

Tables

· Creates a table

<tr>…</tr>

· Creates a row in the table.

<th>…</th>

· Creates a table header cell within a row; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered. An aural user agent may use a louder voice for these items.

<td>…</td>

· Creates a table data cell within a row.

<colgroup>…</colgroup>

· Specifies a column group in a table.

<col/>

· Specifies attributes for an entire column in a table.

<caption>…</caption>

· Specifies a caption for the entire table.

<thead>…</thead>

· Specifies the header part of a table. This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media).

<tbody>…</tbody>

· Specifies the main part of a table.

<tfoot>…</tfoot>

Specifies the footer part of a table. Like <thead>, this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media)

HTML Tags

This is a list of tags used in the HTML language. Each tag starts with a tag opener (a less than sign) and ends with a tag closer (a greater than sign). Many tags have corresponding closing tags which identical except for a slash after the tag opener. (For example, the TITLE tag).

Some tags take parameters, called attributes. The attributes are given after the tag, separated by spaces. Certain attributes have an effect simply by their presence, others are followed by an equals sign and a value. (See the Anchor tag, for example). The names of tags and attributes are not case sensitive: they may be in lower, upper, or mixed case with exactly the same meaning. (In this document they are generally represented in upper case.)

Currently HTML documents are transmitted without the normal SGML framing tags, but if these are included parsers will ignore them.

Title

The title of a document is given between title tags:

               <TITLE> ... </TITLE>

The text between the opening and the closing tags is a title for the hypertext node. There should only be one title in any node. It should identify the content of the node in a fairly wide context, and should ideally fit on one line.

The title is not strictly part of the text of the document, but is an attribute of the node. It may not contain anchors, paragraph marks, or highlighting. the title may be used to identify the node in a history list, to label the window displaying the node, etc. It is not normally displayed in the text of a document itself. Contrast titles with headings .

Next ID

Obsolete: NeXT Browser only. May be ignored. This tag takes a single attribute which is the number of the next document-wide numeric identifier to be allocated (not good SGML). Note that when modifying a document, old anchor ids should not be reused, as there may be references stored elsewhere which point to them. This is read and generated by hypertext editors. Human writers of HTML usually use mnemonic alpha identifiers. Browser software may ignore this tag. Example of use:

               <NEXTID 27>

Base Address

Anchors specify addresses of other documents, in a from relative to the address of the current document. Normally, the address of a document is known to the browser because it was used to access the document. However, is a document is mailed, or is somehow visible with more than one address (for example, via its filename and also via its library name server catalogue number), then the browser needs to know the base address in order to correctly deduce external document addresses.

The format of this tag is not yet specified. NOT CURRENTLY USED

Anchors

The format of an anchor is as follows:

               <A NAME=xxx HREF=XXX> ... </A>

The text between the opening tag and the closing tag is either the start or destination (or both) of a link. Attributes of the anchor tag are as follows.

HREF

If the HREF attribute is present, the anchor is senstive text: the start of a link. If the reader selects this text, he should be presented with another document whose network address is defined by the value of the HREF attribute . The format of the network address is specified elsewhere . This allows for the form HREF=#identifier to refer to another anchor in the same document. If the anchor is in another document, the atribute is a relative name , relative to the documents address (or specified base address if any).

NAME

The attribute NAME allows the anchor to be the destination of a link. The value of the parameter is that part of a hypertext address which follows the hash sign .

TYPE

An attribute TYPE may give the relationship described by the hyertext link. The type is expressed by a string for extensibility. Strings for types with particular semantics will be registered by the W3 team. The default relationship if none other is given is void.

All attributes are optional, although one of NAME and HREF is necessary for the anchor to be useful.

IsIndex

This tag informs the reader that the document is an index document. As well as reading it, the reader may use a keyword search.

Format:

               <ISINDEX>

The node may be queried with a keyword search by suffixing the node address with a question mark, followed by a list of keywords separated by plus signs. See the network address format .

Plaintext

This tag indicates that all following text is to be taken litterally, up to the end of the file. Plain text is designed to be represented in the same way as example XMP text, with fixed width character and significant line breaks. Format:

                       <PLAINTEXT>

This tag allows the rest of a file to be read efficiently without parsing. Its presence is an optimisation. There is no closing tag.

Example sections

These styles allow text of fixed-width characters to be embedded absolutely as is into the document. The format is:

               <LISTING>

...

               </LISTING>

The text between these tags is to be portrayed in a fixed width font, so that any formatting done by character spacing on successive lines will be maintained. Between the opening and closing tags:

The text may contain any ISO Latin printable characters, including the tag opener, so long as it does not contain the closing tag in full.
Line boundaries are significant, and are to be interpreted as a move to the start of a new line.
The ASCII Horizontal Tab (HT) character should be interpreted as the smallest positive nonzero number of spaces which will leave the number of characters so far on the line as a multiple of 8. Its use is not recommended however.

The LISTING tag is portrayed so that at least 132 characters will fit on a line. The XMP tag is portrayed in a font so that at least 80 characters will fit on a line but is otherwise identical to LISTING. The examples of markup are here given using the XMP tag.

Paragraph

This tag indicates a new paragraph. The exact representation of this (indentation, leading, etc) is not defined here, and may be a function of other tags, style sheets etc. The format is simply

<P>

(In SGML terms, paragraph elements are transmitted in minimised form).

Headings

Several levels (at least six) of heading are supported. Note that a hypertext document tends to need less levels of heading than a normal document whose only structure is given by the nesting of headings. H1 is the highest level of heading, and is recommened for the start of a hypertext node. It is suggested that the first heading be one suitable for a reader who is already browsing in related information, in contrast to the title tag which should identify the node in a wider context.

               <H1>, <H2>, <H3>, <H4>, <H5> <H6>

These tags are kept as defined in the CERN SGML guide. Their definition is completely historical, deriving from the AAP tag set. A difference is that HTML documents allow headings to be terminated by closing tags:

               <H2>Second level heading</h2>

Address

This tag is for address information, signatures, etc, normally at the top or bottom of a document. typically, it is italic and/or right justified or indented. The format is:

               <ADDRESS> text ... </ADDRESS>

Highlighting

The highlighted phrase tags may occur in normal text, and may be nested. For each opening tag there must follow a corresponding closing tag. NOT CURRENTLY USED.

               <HP1>...</HP1>   <HP2>... </HP2> etc.

Glossaries

A glosary (or definition list) is a list of paragraphs each of which has a short title alongside it. Apart from glossaries, this format is useful for presenting a set of named elements to the reader. The format is as follows:

               <DL>

               <DT>Term<DD>definition pagagraph

               <DT>rm2<DD>Definition of term2

Lists

A list is a sequence of paragraphs, each of which is preceded by a special mark or sequence number. The format is:

               <UL>

               <LI> list element

               <LI> another list element ...

               </UL>

The opening list tag must be immediately followed by the first list element. The representation of the list is not defined here, but a bulleted list for unordered lists, and a sequence of numbered paragraphs for an ordered list would be quite appropriate. Other possibilities for interactive display include embedded scrollable browse panels.

Opening list tags are:

A list multi-line paragraphs, typically separated by some white space.

MENU

A list of smaller paragraphs. Typically one line per item, with a style more compact than UL.

DIR

A list of short elements, less than one line. Typical style is to arrange in four columns or provide a browser, etc.

the closing tag must obviously match the opening tag.

Marquee tag

· The marquee tag is a non-standard HTML markup element type which causes text onscreen to scroll from right to left across the screen.

General tag

<quee> is text that will appear scrolling<quee>

Attributes

Align: Uses the same syntax as the img tag.
Behavior: Allows the user to set the behavior of the marquee to one of three different types:

Scroll - DEFAULT. Scrolls the text from right-to-left, and restarts at the right side of the marquee when it has reached the left side.
Slide - Deprecated
Alternate - Text 'bounces' from the left side of the box to the right side.

Your text here

</marquee>

This text will bounce from left to right

Bgcolor: Sets the background color of the marquee.

Your text here

</marquee>

This marquee's background color will be blue.

Direction: Sets the direction of the marquee box to either left-to-right or right-to-left. Later browsers added support for a movie credit style bottom-up and top-down values.

Your text here

</marquee>

This text will scroll from left to right.

Height: This sets how tall the marquee should be.

The height of this marquee is twenty pixels.

Width: This sets how wide the marquee should be.

Your text here

</marquee>

This marquee is only a hundred pixels wide!

Loop: This sets how many times the marquee should 'Loop' its text.

Your text here

</marquee>

You will only see this text twice before it stops playing.

Scrollamount: This is how many pixels the text moves between 'frames', in pixels.

Your text here

</marquee>

This text will move ten pixels per 'frame'

Scrolldelay: This sets the amount of time, in milliseconds, between 'frames'.

Your text

</marquee>

This would be so fast, you couldn't see it!

Your text here

</marquee>

This would be so slow, you'd get no sense of animation.

HTML
HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of labels (known as tags), surrounded by less-than (<) and greater-than signs (>). HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code which can affect the behavior of web browsers and other HTML processors.

HTML is also often used to refer to content of the MIME type text/html or even more broadly as a generic term for HTML whether in its XML-descended form (such as XHTML 1.0 and later) or its form descended directly from SGML

Basic HTML view

Document elements

Links and anchors

Frames

Tables

Next ID

Paragraph

Highlighting

Glossaries

Lists

Attributes

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